![]() Experts remain divided on this hypothesis. Berlin pedestal relief – considered by many modern scholars to contain the earliest historic reference to ancient Israel.Once thought to describe the biblical Exodus, it is now considered the world's earliest known treatise on political ethics, suggesting that a good king is one who controls unjust officials, thus carrying out the will of the gods. The document is dated to around 1250 BC but the content is thought to be earlier, dated back to the Middle Kingdom, though no earlier than the late Twelfth Dynasty. Ipuwer Papyrus – poem describing Egypt as afflicted by natural disasters and in a state of chaos.1833-1743 BCE (centuries before the biblical Shiphra would have lived). Papyrus Brooklyn 35.1446– A document that lists the names of 45 individuals, including a Canaanite woman named "Šp-ra." Scholars assume that this is a hieroglyphic transliteration of the Hebrew name " Shiphrah," which also appears in Exodus 1:15–21.Execration texts – earliest references to many Biblical locations.Towns identified include Rafah (rph), Megiddo (mkdi) and Ajalon (iywrn) Records the conquests and military campaigns in c.925 BC of Shoshenq I, of the Twenty-second Dynasty, identified with the biblical Shishaq. ![]() ![]() While alternative translations have been put forward, the majority of biblical archeologists translate a set of hieroglyphs on Line 27 as "Israel", such that it represents the first documented instance of the name Israel in the historical record, and the only record in Ancient Egypt. Records the earliest known Egyptian military campaign in Retjenu, including Sekmem (s-k-m-m, thought to be Shechem). Records the earliest known Egyptian military campaigns in Sinai and the Levant. Name In English Current location Museum or site Discovered Date and location of discovery Date Proposed date of creation of artifact Writing Script used in inscription (if any) Significance Reason for significance to biblical archeology Refs ANET and COS references, and link to editio princeps (EP), if known Egyptian Name The table lists the following information about each artifact: These table lists inscriptions which are of particular significance to the study of biblical chronology. Selected artifacts significant to biblical chronology The following is a list of inscribed artifacts, items made or given shape by humans, that are significant to biblical archaeology.
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